Dividing machine



l2 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR. Z/J/z ATTORNH APP-il 1, 1941 U. M. w. KLM

DIVIDING MACHINE Filed May 1a, 1955 April 1, 1941. u, M, w KLM'2,237,150

DIVIDING MACHINE Filed May 18, 1935 12 Sheets-Sheet 2 .-'NVENTOR.

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DIVIDING MACHINE Filed May 18. 1935l FIGS.

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D'IVIDING MACHINE April, l, 1941.

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ATTORNEY April 1, 1941- u. M. w. KLM 2'237'150 DIVIDING MACHINE 12sheets-smet 'r I mi ATTRNEY Filed May 18, 1935 man April 1, 1941.

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DIVIDING MACHINEl Filed May 18, 1955 12 Sheets-Sheetl 8 April 1, 1941. UM w KLM l 2,237,150

DIVIDING MACHINE' Filed May 18, 1935 12 Sheets-Sheet l0 JNVENTOR. Y BW@@Jan A TTORNE U. M. W. KLM

DIVIDING MACHINE April 1, 1941.

Filed May 18, 1935 l2 Sheets-Sheet ll mw; mi HS; L

INVEN TOR. W@ wwf@ A 72TORN E Y April 1, 1941. u, M, w, KLM 2,237,150

nIvIDING MACHINF -once into the dividend accumulator.

Patented Apr. 1 1941 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE DIVIDING MACHINE UlrichM. W. Klm, Berlin-Lankwitz, Germany, assignor to International BusinessMachines Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New YorkApplication May 18, 1935, Serial No. 22,202 In Germany July 6, 1934 (Ci.235-6lL6) 9 Claims.

This invention relates to improvements in dividing machines and moreparticularly to machines of the record card controlled type. Withprevious machines of this class, the dividend and divisor are firstentered into the machine. Thereafter, subtraction is started, thedivisor being subtracted from the dividend, beginning the subtraction inthe highest possible orders of I subtracts one when the divisor amountis reintroduced into the dividend accumulator. This process proceeds forthe various denominational orders of the dividend until the capacity ofthe machine is reached or until as many places are set up in thequotient counter as are desired. If an amount then remains in thedividend accumulator, this is the remainder.

Various proposals have been made to shorten these operations but none ofthem materially speeds up the operation. According to the presentinvention, it is proposed to obviate the socalled going back to zerooperation by providing comparing mechanism which effects a comparisonbetween the dividend and the divisor and anticipates the subtractingoperation which would, if permitted to take place, cause the dividend tobecome less than zero or go back of zero.

The comparing mechanism in addition to eiiecting the'above operationsalso controls and effects a column shift operation so that on the nextensuing subtracting operation the divisor is subtracted from differentdenominational orders of the dividend.

The principal object of the invention, therefore, is to provide divisionmechanism employing the successive substraction method of computationwherein the number of subtracting operations is equal to the sum of thedigits in the quotient.

According to another object of the invention, the dividend and/or thedivisor may represent totals accumulated in response to the analysis ofa plurality of record cards so that the quotient resulting from thedivision of one total by the other will represent an average.` Thus, ifthe dividend total represents, let us say, price, and the divisorrepresents quantity, the quotient Will represent the average unit price.The comparing mechanism includes devices for comparing the setting ofthe divisor accumulator with each successive setting of the dividendaccumulator as the divisor is repeatedly subtracted therefrom.;Provision is made for automatically interrupting 'further substractingoperations after the division has been carried out to a predetermineddegree of accuracy, after which the quotient may be automaticallyrecorded and the several accumulators reset preparatory to receiving thefactors of a further computation.

Various other objects and advantages of the l invention will be obviousfrom the following particular description of one form of mechanismembodying the invention or from an inspection of the accompanyingdrawings; and the invention also constituted certain new and usefulfeatures of construction and combination of parts hereinafter set forthand claimed.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a section of the card feeding and analyzing mechanism showingthe coupling connection therefor.

Fig. 2 is a detail in section taken substantially along lines 2--2 ofFig. l. t

Fig. 3 is a central section ofV an accumulator showing the type ofreadout mechanism associated therewith.

Fig. 4 is an isometric view showing the socalled highest order carrymechanism whereby an entry of 1 may be made into the lunits order undercontrol of the highest order.

Fig. 5 is a central section of the printing mechanism showing thedriving instrumentalities.

Fig. 6 is a plan view of the readout mechanism of one of theaccumulators. n

Fig. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of the steps involved in thesolution of a particular problem.

Figs. 8, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, and 8f, taken together and placed one belowthe other in the order named, constitute a wiring diagram of the yelectric circuits of the machine.

Fig. 9 is a timing chart of the electric circuitV controlling devices ofthe machine.

General description of their construction and their manner of opera- Ition. Following this, the circuit diagram will be explained and thecomplete operation of the K machine set forth.

Only suflicient structure will therefore be herein described to pointout wherein departure has been made from previous arrangements.l Themain operating circuits and the electrical wiring arrangement aresubstantially the same as disclosed in my copending application, SerialNo.

729,385, led June 7, 1936, nOW Patent No. 2,131,

226, issued Sept. 27, 1938, and the operating circuits in the presentcase will. therefore, be de scribed in only so much detail as isnecessary for an understanding of the present invention.

Card feeding mechanism The card feeding mechanism and its cleclutchingdevice are shown in Figs. l. and 2 where the pulley Ill driven from themain driving motorv of the machine has driving connection with shaft II,which, through gears I2, drives a shaft i3. The latter in turn, 'throughgears It, engages a gear I6 (Fig. 2) to which is secured a clutchdriving element Il. Adapted to cooperate with element I' is aspring-pressed dog I3 carried by a member I9 integral with a gear 23,which latter has connection t-o the usual train of gears which serve toconvey the record cards through Ithe analyzing devices. The dog I8 isnormally held out of engagement with element I1 by a clutch releasingarm 2i, which, upon energization oi magnet 22, is rocked in a clockwisedirection to release dog I8 for engagement with-,element Il so that thelcard feeding mechanism may operate.

During they operation of the feeding mechanism the cards are fed singlyfrom a stack 23 by means o! a picker 24 to suitable rollers which conveythe cards past upper analyzing brushes UB and lower analyzing brushesLB. The brushes are so spaced that a record card feeds past the loweranalyzing brushes LB exactly one machine cycle after the card has passedbeneath the upper analyzing brushes UB. It will be apparent that cardfeeding operations only take place when magnet 22 is energized toperniivt coupling of the card feeding mechanism to the drivingmechanism.

Accumulator/s As the perforated cards poss the lower brushes LB,perfor-ations in their index point positions permit instantaneousclosure of circuits through. the proper vlower analyzing brushes LB toenergize accumulator magnets 25 (Fig. 3). As usual, the timedenergizations of these magnets control mechanism for entering the datacorresponding to the card reading on the wheels 26. The wheels 26 Varedriven from a clutch shaft 2T to which a gear 23 is coupled uponenergizaticn of magnet 29. Gear 28 has driving connection with wheel- 26[through a gear 29 fast upon the wheel. n

Readout mechanism-Also driven by gear 28 vis a gear 30 which isdisplaced along with gear 29. Since Athe ratio f gears 30 and 23 is 2:1,the former will turn through a half revolution for each revolution ofthe latter. Carried by and insulated from gear 3l? are two brushstructures 3| and 32 (see Fig. 6) one structure being on each side ofthe face of gear 30. The brush structure 32 comprises a pair ofelectrically connected contacting brushes, one of which Icooperatessuccessively with ten conducting segments 33, while the other cooperateswith an arcuate conducting strip 34.

Ihe brush structure 3lL also carries a pair of electrically connectedbrushes, one of which cooperates with an arcuate strip 35, while theother cooperates with a single conducting segment 38. The relationshipof the parts is such that when the index wheel 2B is in its zeroposition, one of the brushes of structure 32 is in contact with the zerosegment 33 and the other .brush is in contact with the strip 34. One ofthe brushes of structure 3| will be in contact with the segment 36 whichis in line with lthe zero segment 33 to form an electrical connectionbetween segment 36 and the strip 35.

Each gear 30, through an idler 31, drives a gear 38. This gear alsocarries a brush structure 39, one of whose brushes cooperatessuccessively with ten conducting segments 40 while the other coopcrateswith an arcuate conducting strip 4I.

Il the wheel 26 is displaced to indicate, say, 8, then one of of thebrushes of structure 32 will be in contact with 8" segment 33 and one ofthe brushes of structure 39 will be in contact with the 8 segment 40,thus connecting these segments with their respective conducting strips34 and il. The .brushes oi' structure 3| form no electrical connectionexcept when the associated wheel 26 registers zero.

The positioning 'of the several brush structures provides a convenientelectrical readout mechanism for controlling the total printingoperations, transferring operations, and comparing ope-rations, and theelectrical circuits involved in these dierent functions will be morefully explained in connection with the circuit diagram.

The complete commutator mechanism, just described and as shown in Fig.`6, need only be provided for the accumulators which receive the dividendand the divisor. For the accumulator which receives the quotient, onlythe devices directly associated with gear 30 and brush structure 32 arerequired.

Associated with each accumulator rwheel is the usual carry lever 42(Fig. 3) which controls carrying from its order to the nent higherorder. As any wheel passes from nine to zero. its lever 42 is rockedslightly clockwise and thereby conditions the next higher order toreceive an additionai unit during the carrying period machine cycle.

' Highest order com: mecMnsmf-En l there is shown mechanism for conneshighest order carry lever 42 with the lowes units order carry lever insuch manner that when the highest order Wheel 2S passes from nine "tozero, .the lowest order lever Q2 will be rocked slightly clockwise andan additional unit will consequently Ibe entered into such order. Thismechanism comprises a lever 43 having an adjustable arm M at one enddisposed in the path of the highest order lever 42. The opposite end oflever 43 has connection with an arm of a member Iii, the other of whosearms engages an angle 46 secured to the units carry lever 42 so that asthe arm 44 moves downwardly, the angle M will be moved in the samedirection to also drawxrthe units lever 42 down. This carry levercontrolling mechanism is contained in the dividend accumulator andfunctions during subtracting operations of the machine as will befurther explained hereinafter.

Printing mechanism The printing mechanism is shown in Fig. 5 and issimilar to that shown in the patents mentioned above. The type bar 41 ispositioned relatively to the platen 48 to bring the proper type 49 intoprinting position opposite the platen. The total shaft 5|! driven by thereset motor RM is provided with a camA 5| cooperating with' a roller 52carried on arm 53 which is freely rotatable on shaft 54. As the camrotates, arm 53 rocks clockwise and a lug 55 on arm 53 cooperating witha double-armed member 56 fixed to shaft 54 also rocks the memberclockwise. Arm 51 secured to shaft 54 is linked to printing crosshead 58which serves to raise the type b ar 41 in synchronism with the totaltaking operation so that the type 49 successively pass printing posi-Ition opposite the platen 48. Owing to springprevent further upwardmovement of the bar and thus hold a particular type in printingposition.

During listing operations, shaft 54 is rocked to reciprocate printingcrosshead 58 `under control of listing cam 66 carried by list shaft 61which is operated from the motor TM through shaft |5 (Fig. 1) in theusual manner during listing and card feeding operations.

Cani' is provided with a vcam slot which cooperates with follower roller68 carried by an arm 69 loosely mounted on shaft 5,4. A lug 10 on arm 69cooperates with doublefarrned member 56 to rock shaft 54. Theconfiguration of the cam groove is such that the type bars are ele vatedand the type 49 moved past printing position in synchronism with thepassage of the cor responding index point positions in the record cardspast the analyzing brushes. is freely mounted on shaft B1 and may becoupled thereto under control of a magnet 1| which upon energizationwill rock its armature 12 which in turn, through an extension 13, willrock Ian arm 14 carried by a rod 15. Rod 15 also carries an arm 16 whosefree end is adapted to engage the pin 11 in clutch releasing arm 18which normally engages a spring-pressed dog 19 carried by the cam G6.Rocking of arm 18 under the influence of magnet 1| will free dog 19 for,engagement with clutch driving element 8D secured upon shaft 61 so thatthe cam 66 will move with the shaft. Magnet 1| is energized wheneverlisting operations are to be performed. The cam 66 is adapted tocooperate with a roller 8| in arm 82 which is freely mounted on thesupporting rod of arm 18 and will rock the arm clockwise to causeopening of a pair of contacts 83 whose function will be explained inconnection with the circuit diagram.

The adding and printing mechanisms just described are Well known in theart and only sufficient thereof has been explained for an understandingof the present invention.

The cam B6 Wiring diagram- Operating circuits The various mechanicaldevices employed in l the present invention have now been explained toshow their manner of operation. y

The wiring diagram, which is about to be explained, will serve to showhow the several elements are coordinated in the operation of themachine. The electric circuits are shown in Figs. 8, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e,and 8f, which, taken together and placed one below the other in theorder named,A constitute a complete wiring diagram of the electriccircuits of the machine.

In the circuit diagram, relay magnets and 'I their associated contactshave generally been shown in close proximityto one another and therelated contacts have been designated with the same reference characteras the controlling magnet with a lower case letter sufxed thereto. Incertain instances, where it would add to the cornplexity of the circuitconnections to show the relay magnets and their contacts together, the..

magnet has been shown in dotted outline adjacent to the contacts whichit controls.

The various cam controlled contacts as shown in the drawings aresuitably labelled to indicate the units with which they are associated.Thus. cam contacts prefixed L and SL function when the tabulating andlisting mechanisms operate, and those whichoperate only duringtotaltaking operations are prefixed with the letter P or SP. In order tofacilitate the location of the various electrical devices on the circuitdiagram, vertical broken lines are drawn at the sides thereof withspaced graduations, the spaces between which are serially numbered. Inthe following description, the various elements will be located withreference to these numerals. For example, a cam contact such as Pl willbe designated as being located at (L2) on the circuit diagram. Thedesignation (L2) is interpreted as left of section 2. Elements in thecenter of the drawingwill be designated (C) for center, followed by theappropriate numeral,and elementsv at the right will be designated as(R).

Initial .resetting circuit- As is customary in tabulating machines ofthis type, an initial resetting cycle of operations is usually performedto insure that all accumulators are zeroized and to prepare the usualautomatic group control mechanism for proper functioning. Referring nowto Fig. 8, after the main line switch has been closed, current will besupplied to left side of line 90 and right side of line 9 I. Depressionof the reset key at this time will close contacts 92 (C3) to establish acircuit traceable as follows: from left side of line 90, cam contactsL5(L4), contacts P3, reset clutch magnet 93, relay magnet 94, reset keycontacts 92, switch S312 (closed for this operation), contacts 91a, toline 9|. The relay 94 closes its contactsA 94a to complete the circuitthrough the reset motor RM. This circuit follows from line 90, contactsL5, motor RM, contacts 94a, to line 9|, and the total shaft 50consequently commences rotation, during which rotation cam contacts P4(R4) are closed to short circuit the contacts 94a and maintain the motorcircuit throughout' the cycle.

Later in the cycle, contacts P3 (L4) open to interrupt the reset clutchmagnet circuit. Also during this cycle, the operation of cam contactsP5, P6, and P1 (L1, L8) sets up the automatic control circuits whichwill be more fully explained later. The setting up of these circuitswill effect energization of the so-called motor control relay magnet 91(L8) to cause opening of contacts 91a (R3) and closure of contact-s 91h.These contacts will thereafter remain in their shifted position untilthe group control mechanism detects a change in group controldesignations of successively analyzed record cards.

'I'he machine may now commence card feeding operations and these may beinitiated by depressing the start key to close contacts 98 (C2)whereupon a circuit will be completed as follows: from left side of line90, cam contacts PI (L2), main drive clutch magnet 99, contacts 99a,relay coil 95. a pair of stop key contacts start key contacts 98. asecond pair of stop key contacts |02 contacts 91h, now closed, to line9|.

Energization of clutch magnet 99 will cause opening of the relatedcontacts 99a and consequently relay magnet |04 will be included in thecircuit. This relay will close its contacts |04a (C2) thereby completinga circuit through the tabulating motor TM. n The energization of clutchmagnet 99 will cause operation of the accumulating mechanism andenergizzation of the printing clutch magnet 1 i' (L3) will causeaccompanying operation of the printing mechanism.

Printing clutch, circuit-The circuit for magnet 1| is traceable fromline 90, magnet 1| (L3), relay contacts |05a, closed when the machine isset for listing operations, contacts 91e, closed during the initialresetting cycle by magnet 91, to line 9 I. With the magnet 1| energized,printing operations will take place during each cycle of operations ofthe machine. Y

The contacts |05a are controlled by relay magnet |05 (RI) which isenergized upon manual closure of contacts |06. 'I'hese contacts areclosed when the machine is conditioned for listing and consequently,magnet |05 will remain energized throughout such operations.

Relay magnet 95 (C2) energized upon completion of the circuit throughclutch magnet 99, will close its contacts 95a to transfer the circuitthrough the clutch magnet to the control of cam contacts L2 which holdthe circuit throughout the cycle. A second pair of contacts 95e (LI) areclosed by the relay to complete a circuit, under control of cam contactsLI, to a relay |01. This relay will close its contacts I 01a and openits contacts |0117 and thereby serves to control the speed of the motorTM. Contacts |01b, when closed, short circuit a resistance |08 in thefield circuit ofthe motor TM and opening of these contacts will includethe resistance in the eld circuit so that the speed of the motor will bethereby increased. A second pair of contacts |0517, (RI) also shortcircuits resistance |08 and these contacts are closed along withcontacts |05a when the machine is set for listing. Contacts 03, inseries with |051?, close mechanically when the printing clutch isengaged and open when it is disengaged. This serves to cause vhighspeedl operation during transfer cycles, during which there are noprinting operations.

Card lever circuits.-As the record cards feed downwardly past theanalyzing brushes UB, the

upper card lever contacts |09 (R1) close to energize relay magnet UCLwhose contacts UCLa form a holding circuit through cam contacts LI3.Another pair of contacts UCLb (C2) in the circuit of clutch magnet 99short circuits cam contacts L2 and L3 to maintain the motor circuit fora period when these cam contacts are open during the cycle. y

As the card passes the lower analyzing brushes LB, lower card levercontacts ||0 (R8) are closed to energize lower card lever relay LCLwhose contacts LCLa provide a holding circuit through cam contacts vLI4.Relay LCL controls several contacts which will be explained inconnection with the circuits which they control.

Card feed clutch circuit-For card feeding operations, the switch S3a(L3) is in its full line position and the circuit completed from line90, through card feed clutch magnet 22 (L3), switch 53a, to line 9|.

. main energized throughout al1 machine operations and the card feedingmechanism will operate accordingly.

Under control of the circuits thus far described the machine willoperate to feed cards successively through the analyzing mechanism andcircuits will -be completed through perforations in the records forcontrolling the operation of the accumulating and printing magnets. Thedetailed tracing of the accumulating and printing circuits will bedeferred until later in the description.

During the feeding of cards, the automatic group control mechanism,generally designated GC at (C1) functions to keep the machine running asf long as successive cards contain the same group control number.

Upon detection by this mechanism of a change in group controldesignation, the relay magnet 91 (L0) will become deenergized causingopening of the related contacts 91h (R3) to interrupt the circuitthrough main clutch magnet 99, which in turn will break the circuit tothe motor TM and. card feeding and accumulating operations willthereupon cease. Y

Automatic resetting circuits- If switch S2 (R4) is closed, the closureof cam contacts L4 (R4) toward the end of the last adding cycle whencontacts 91a are closed 4will complete a circuit to initiate automaticresetting operations. 'I'his circuit is traceable from line 90, contactsL5, P3 (L4), reset clutch magnet 93, relay magnet 94, switch S2,contacts L4, switch S31). contacts 91a, to line 9|. Energization ofmagnet 93 will cause a resetting cycle of operations of the machineduring which the amounts standing in the accumulators will be printedand the group control devices again set up to open contacts 91a.

When the machine is to perform division, the switch S31; is opened afterthe initial resetting cycle and the subsequent automatic initiation ofresetting is effected through relay contacts a, which short circuit theswitch S31). The controlling coil 85 of contacts 85a is energized uponthe completion of dividing operations in a manner to be explained.

Automatic restarting circuit-Following the reset cycle, the machine mayautomatically enter upon card feeding and analyzing operations if switchSI (C3) is closed. Under such conditions, the closure of cam contacts P2(R3) near the end of the reset cycle will complete the circuit into themain clutch magnet 99 through the following path: from line 90, contactsPl (L2), magnets 99, |04, and 95, stop key contacts |0|, switch SI,contacts P2, contacts LCLc (closed if there is a card at the lowerbrushes), contacts 91h, to line 9|. The energization of magnet 99 will,as explained above, cause the machine to enter upon a tabulating cycleof operations during which the succeeding record cards are analyzed andthe data thereon entered into the recording devices.

Automatic control crcuits.-The automatic group control circuits whichkeep the machine in operation as long as classication data 0n suc- Themagnet 22 will therefore recessively analyzed cards are the same, willnow be explained in as much detail as is necessary for an understandingof the present invention. A number of double-wound relay magnets isprovided, each magnet having a pick-up winding I2 (RB) and a holdingwinding H3, shown separately in Fig. 8. Windings H2 terminate in theplugboard sockets H4 and H5, through which the windings may be plugconnected lin series with the brushes UB and LB. Since the index pointpositions on the card passing the lower brushes are analyzedconcurrently with the analysis of the corresponding index pointpositions of the following card passing the upper brushes, a perforationoccurring in' any index point position on both cards will complete acircuit at a time in the cycle of the machine corresponding to thelocation of the perforation. This circuit is traceable as follows: fromline 98, through wire H6 (L8), cam contacts L1, upper brush contactroller, brush UB, plug socket H1, plug connection H8, to socket H4,winding H2, socket H5, plug connection H9 to lower brush socket lio(R41), lower brush LB, wire |2l, impulse distributor |22 (R42), wire H23(Figs. 8e, 8d, 8c, 8b, 8a and 8), lower card lever relay contacts LCLc(R2), contacts 91o, to line 9|. Energization of Winding H2 will closeits related contacts ||2a (R6) and ||2b (C6, Cl), the former setting upa holding circuit for the winding H3 through cam contacts LH (Rl).

After all the index point positions have been analyzed, the machinetests the setting of the .contacts H212. If there was agreement in allthe control columns, the contacts ||2o correvspending to those columnswill be closed and a series circuit will be traceable through each suchcontacts.

The automatic group control mechanism is arranged for so-called minor,intermediate, and major group controlling. For the purposes of thepresent invention, however, it will be sumcient to describe but one ofthese stages of control, for example, the minor stage. The contactsassociated with the so-called minor controlling field of the record cardwill be grouped together and a connection |24 (C8) made between the plugsocket |25 of the last position and minor plug socket |26. This placesthe first two contacts ||2b in the minor holding circuit. The ul- Itimate object of the group control mechanism is to keep the motorcontrol relay 91 energized if there is agreement in the control elds andto cause deenergization of magnet 91 if there is a break or disagreementin a field.

Minor holding circuit-Magnet 91 is normally held energized through acircuit set up during 'the initial reset cycle of the machine. Duringthis cycle, cam contacts P1 close, completing a circuit from line 90,relay contacts |0317, which remain closed if the machine is set forminor controlling only, contacts P1 (L8), magnet 91, contacts L8,switches S1, S6, contacts UCLc, wire |3|, to line 9|. Magnet 91 closes apair of contacts 91d (L8) to establish a holding circuit through themagnet. 'I'his circuit is called theminor holding circuit and remainsestablished as long as minor classification data on the recor cards donot change.

Minor shunt circuit- During tabulating and l listing cycles of themachine, the contacts H2b provide a shunt circuit around cam contactsL8,

connection |24, switches S1, S6, to line 9|. The switches S6 and S1 areclosed when intermediate and major controlling operations are not em.p-loyed.

As more fully explained in my copending application, when the machine isarranged for intermediate and major controlling, the relay magnet |03(L1) is deenergized upon an intermediate group change and the relaymagnet |32 (L8) is deenergized upon a major group change.

Thus far, the operation of the machine is substantially the same as`that of my copending application and as of the type disclosed in thepatents referred to; that is, groups of record cards are successivelyfed past the brushes UB and LB and information therefrom entered intoaccumulators. After `a complete group has been analyzed, the magnet 91is deenergized. ,If the groups comprise each but a single card, themagnet 91 will be deenergized after each card feeding operation. Innormal tabulating machines, the de en'ergization of magnet 91 is usuallyfollowed by the so-called total taking cycle of operations during whichthe totals standing in the various accumulators are printed and theaccumulators zeroized or not as desired. In the present invention thistotal taking and resetting I cycle of operations is delayed until theoperations of division have been performed. The manner in which thetransferring operations which taire place to effect dividing areinitiated and carried out will now be explained.

Dividing cycle controlling circuits Referring now to Fig. 8, the switchS3d (L3) is moved to its dotted line position when divicl`1 ingoperations are to be performed. In this position, the card feed clutchmagnet 22 is connected in series with pairs of relay contacts e and 91e.

The opening of contacts 91e u-pon a group change will deenergize thecard feed clutch mag' net 2.2 and, the machine will -perf-orm dividingcycles without accompanying card feeding. The contacts 85e are closedduring a dividing cycle in a manner to be explained and during afollowing reset cycle, contacts 91e are also closed. This sets up acircuit for relay magnet |31 (L3) which follows from line 98, relaymagnet 31 (L3), contacts 85o, 91e, t-o line 9i. Relay 31 closes itscontacts |31a which provide a holdin-g circuit for .the rel-ay and at'the same time short circuit contacts 85e so that they may thereafteropen. In this manner, a cincuit is provided for the card feed clutchmagnet 22 which-is maintained until the group control mechanism againcauses opening of contacts 91e. Switch S34: also moved to its closedposition to provide a holding circuit for 'the main drive clutch magnet99 aflter card feeding operations have been interrupted. This circuit isltraceable from line 9|, through switch S30 (R2), normally closedcontacts 85h, contacts L3, 95a, magnets 95, IM, and 99, contacts Pl, toline 90. Alt the complet-ion of the dividing cycles of openation,contacts 85h open to interrupt the circuit. (R3) is open for dividingoper-.ations so that-automaltic reset operations do not take place when.the minor control relay contacts 91a close.

The machine will thus, upon a group change, perform .a succession ofcycles of operation without accompanying card feeding or printing Ilandas the machine is arranged, these extra vr'cycles willv .be equal innumber .to the sum of the dig-its in Ithe quotient to be computed.

switch sab l Adding and printing circuits 'I'he adding magnets 25(M9-56) are wired to plug sockets |30 from which plug connection mayk bemade to the lower brush sockets |20 (R41). A representative addingcircuit may be traced therethrough as follows: from line 90, contacts25a (L49), adding magnet 25, plug socket |39, connection to socket |20(R41), lower brush LB, Wire |=2|, Idistributor |22, wire |23, contactsLCLc, contacts 91b,'to line 9|.

fIhe print magnets 60 (C49-56) are Wired to plug socket-s |4| throughrelay contacts |42a which are adapted to be closed during listingopel-ations. A plug connection is made between sockets |4| and lowerbrush sockets |=20 in positions in which printing is to be effected. Theprinting circuit may then be traced from lower brush LB (R41), socket|20, connection to socket |4| (C49), contacts |42a, print m-agnet 60,.to In this manner, the adding magnet 25 line 90. and the cox-respondingprinting magnet 60 are concurrently energized through the circuitstraced and the number represented by the location of the perforationwill be entered into the adding mechanism and printed under control ofthe printing mechanism.

The relay magnets |42 are shown at L48 and each is provided with aswitch 200 by means of which it may be connected to Ilist switch 20|(closed for listing operations) and cam contacts L|9 (L41). Cam contactsL|9 are closed during the card read-lng .portion of the cycle andcomplete a circuit from line 90, contacts L19, 20|, switch 200, relaymagnet |42, wire |44 to line 9|. The contacts |42a (C49) are accordinglyclosed for `the corresponding period and open at other times.

Total printing circuits-During taking operations the printing magnets 60are connected to plug sockets |39 .through relay contacts |40a which areclosed during total taking operations in a manner to be set forth. 'Ihesockets |39 may be connected to sockets |43 of the accumulator readoutmechanism. During the .total taking cycle, circuits will be completedthrough the readout devices of lthe accumulator at dierenrtial timesaccording to the position oi the brush structures 32 through circuitsou.' which :the following is representative: from line 9|, wire |44(RM), cam contacts SB|2 (C45), switch Sil, a series of cam contactsSPI-SP9 which close in successionnto emit impulsestowires |415. Thesewires entend through cable |46 and terminate at the read-out segments33. Assuming now that a contact structure 32 is positioned to represent8, the total printing circuit will follow through the SP8 contact timedto close at the "8" time in the cycle and thence through the "8 wire |45to the "8 bar 33 (R50), thence through structure 32 .to bar 34, plussocket |43, connection to socket |39, contacts |40a, print/magnet 60, toline 90.

The relay contacts |40a are control-led by a relay magnet |40 (C49)which is energized through a circuit from line 90, through switch 202 orcontacts |41 closed by the resetting mechanism, magnet ||40,wire |48,contacts SP|2 (C45), wire |44, to line 9|.

In Fig. 8a are shown the oominutator segments 36 and cooperating brushstructures 3|. In those positions of the dividend and divisor in whichzeros occur, the' brush structure 3| will be i-n contact with thecorresponding commutator segments36 and circuits will be completedthrough associated relay magnets and |52.

The circuits through magnet |5| are traceable from line 90, switch S5a(L9), commutator KI and cooperating brushes |54, wire |55, relaycontacts 91j (C42), cam contacts P0, to line 9|. Magnets |52 areenergized through a circuit extending from line 90, switch S5a (L9),magnets |52, commutator segments 36 of the divisor accumulator brushstructure 3|, wlre |55, to line 9| as bef-ore. Thus, upon the closure ofcontacts 91j, which takes place upon a gnoup change, the relay magnets|5| and |52 are energized in accordance with the location of zeros inthe divisor and dividend.

The operation of the machine may' best be explained from this point inconnection with a.

specic problem; for example, lthat shown in Fig. 'l in which a dividend25346'is to be divided by 7408. The dividend amount is entered into theorders of the dividend accumuialtor with the units digit 6 entered inthe third or hundreds position. thus providing for the computation of atotal extending to 4two decimal places. The divisor is entered intounits, tens, hundreds, and thousands orders of the divisor accumulator.Thus, in the dividend accumulator, there will be zeros in the units,tens, tens of millions, and hund-red of minions positions and zeros willappear inth-e divisor accumulator in the ve highest order positionswhere each accumulator is composed of nine positions.

Energization of relay magnet |5| (Ll0) will cause closure of itscontacts |'5|a (CIO) and opening of its contacts |5|b whereupon, for thedividend amount chosen in which the two highest order relay magnets |5|are energized, a circuit is traceable from line 90. switch 85a, wire256, relay magnet VR|6, normally closed relay contacts |51b, contacts|5|b associated with the millions order relay |5|, contacts |5|a in thetens of millions order (now closed), contacts |5|a in the hundreds ofmillions order, brushes |5| of commutator K3, wire |50, relay contacts91a (R22), to wire 9|.

Magnet VRIS closes its contacts VR|6c to provide a holding circuitextending from line 30, switch S 5a, wire 250, magnet VR-IB, contactsVRI'Sc, brushes |53 of commutator K2, wires Ill,

|55 to line 9| as before.

For the problem under consideration, the nve highest order divisormagnets |52 will be energized causing closure of their relay contacts|52!) (RII) and opening of the companion contacts |52c. A circuit isthereupon traceable from line 90, switch S5a, relay magnet V34, normallyclosed contacts |52c in the thousands order and thence serially throughthe now closed relay contacts |5217 in the :ive higher orders, camcontacts LM, wires |6|, |55, to line 9|, as before.

The relay VRIE has selected the highest significant figure position ofthe dividend f or comparison with the highest significant gur positionof the divisor as selected by the relay magnet VR4. The highest orderilgure of the dividend according to the example of Fig. 7 is 2 while thehighest order gure of the divisor is '7. A further function of therelays VRIB and VR4 is to associate the readout mechanism of the divisoraccumulator with the entering circuits of the dividend accumulator sothat the four positions of the divisor will be connected for entry intothe four highest orders of the dividend. The actual transfer will takePlace as an addition ot the complement of the divisor to the dividend.

Inspection of the problem will show, however, that the selected divisorcannot be properly subtracted from thefour highest orders of thedividend since the 7 is greater than the 2.

The comparing mechanism will detect this difference in ythe manner to bepresently explained and cause a shifting of the -connections between thedivisor and dividend accumulators so that the subtraction of the divisorwill occur from the next lower positions of the dividend.

Before explaining the manner in which the comparison is made,explanation will be given of the manner in which the relays VR|6 and VR4establish connection between the two accumulators and the manner inwhich amounts are transferred complementarily from one to the other. InFig. 8b at (|8L) the relay magnet VR|6 V is adapted, upon energization,to cause closure of a group of contacts VR|6a and at (20C) the relaymagnet VR4 similarly closes a group of` contacts VR4a. One side of eachof the contacts VRI'Ga is connected to one of a group of lines |62designated units, tens, hundreds, etc., while the contacts VR4a areconnected to a group of wires |63 similarly designated. Several -of thecontacts VRML are connec-ted to a common wire |64. The wires |62 areconnected through a cable |65 and terminate at plug sockets |66 (L50).The sockets |66 are also connected to contacts |61a which in turn areconnected to sockets |68 from which plug connection may be made toentering sockets |38 of the dividend accumulator. The controlling magnet|61 for contacts |61a is shown at (C43) and this magnet |61 is energizedthrough a circuit extending from line 90, through switch S4, magnet |61,contacts 91j, P9 to line 9| so that during dividing cycles, theconta-cts |61a are closed. The wires |63 extend through a cable |69(RZI) to the common conducting strips 34 of the readout devicesassociated with the divisor accumulator.

Referring now to Fig. 8b, it will be noted that with relay magnets VR4and VRI 6 energized that the units order wire |63 will be connectedthrough one of a group of wires |10 to the thousands order wire |62.This connection is emphasized in the drawing by a heavy line. Similarly,the tens order of the divisor is connected to the tens of thousandsorder of the dividend and so on. The relay contacts shown in Ithe upperpart of Fig. 8b are commonly known as the column selecting and columnshifting mechanism which serves Vto properly correlate the transferringcircuits which extend between the two accumulators.

Comparing mechanism In Fig. 8c the relay magnets VR|6 and VR4 are shownas each having a second set of contacts VRIGb and VR4b respectively.These contacts serve to associate the various orders of the dividend anddivisor so that a determination can be made of which is the greater.Here again the units wire of a group of wires |12 is connected throughthe units order contact VR4b and one of the group of wires |13 to thelthousands order Wire of a group designated |14 and higher orders arecorrespondingly associated. Ihe connection traced is emphasized in heavylines on the circuit diagram.

The wires |14 extend through acable |15 to the commutator s-trips 4|(L35) of the dividend accumulator. The commutator segments of both thedividend and divisor accumulators each have a resistance |16 wiredbetween the segments and common wires |11. The resistances incorrespondingly numbered segment positions are equal lation to Itheproblem of Fig. 7.

,shown how the zeros to the left of the highest in value and this valuevaries between adjacent segments; that is, the resistance valuesincrease progressively from the zero segments to the nine segments.

'I'he particular form of comparing mechanism which is herein describedis more fully explained in my copending application Ser. No. 693,548,led October 14, 1933, now Patent No. 2,066,783, issued January 5, 1937,and the explanation herein will ,accordingly be l-imited to as much asis necessary 4for an understanding of the present invention. Theconducting strips 4| of the divisor accumulator are connected to Wires|18, which, through cable |19, extend to resistances of a Wheatstonebridge arrangement. The wires |12 extend to resistances |8| which are ofvalue equal to that of the resistances |80. Within a branch of eachbridge, except that associated with the units order, are `two relaymagnets |83 and |82 connected in parallel and in parallel withresistances |80 and |8| Relay magnets |82 and |83 have uni-directionalcurrent ow devices |84 and in series therewith respectively. Currentiiow device |84 permits current to flow only in one direction and device|85 permits current to flow in the opposite direction only.

Whenever the brush structure 39 of one order of the divisor accumulatorstands in the same position as the brush structure 39 in the order ofthe dividend accumulator with which comparison is to be effected; thatis, when both brush structures are in contact with segments of likevalue and having the same resistance values, there will be no potentialdiiference between the outer -conectionsfof the resistances |80 and |8|and, of course, no potential difference across relay magnets |82 and|83,

If brush structure 39 in an order of the dividend accumulator isstanding at a segment 40 of higher value than the segment upon which theassociated order brush 39 of the divisor accumulator .is standing, therewill be a difference in potential across resistance |80, '|8| and acrossrelays |82, |83. With the higher'resistance |16 in the circuit of thedividend accumulator brush,

current will flow through relay magnet |82.

Conversely, if the brush 39 of the divisor accumulator is standing at ahigher value segment, current will flow through relay |83.

- The detailed operation of the device may best be explained by tracingthe operations with re- It has been signin-cant flgures in .the dividendand divisor have caused energization of relay magnets VR|6 and VR4 sothat their contacts VRlGb and VR4b connect the wires |12 and |14.Inspection of Fig. 8c will show that with these relays energized, thehighest signicant figure position, which is the millions order ofthe.dividend accumulator, is connected to the thousands Wire |12. InFig. 7 it will be seen then that the figure 2 in the dividend is to becompared with gure 7 of the divisor. The circuit involved is traceableas follows: from line (Figl 8d) through cam contacts L|1 (L40), Wire |11in the millions position of the dividend accumulator, resistance |16 inthe 2 position, segment 40, brush 33, common strip 4|, cable |15, Wire|14 (Fig. 8c), to the contact VR|6b farthest to the left (L28), thencethrough the wire |13 shown in heavy dotted outline, to contact VR417farthest to the left, thence through .the thousands wire |12 toresistance |8| in the thousands order of the comparing device.

A parallel circuit is also traceable from line 90,

through cam contacts L|1 (L40), wire |11 in the thousands order of thedivisor accumulator, resistance |15 in the 7 position, segment 40, brush39, common strip 4|, wire |18, cable |19 to resistance (R28) in thethousands position of the comparing device. Since the number 7" of thedivisor is greater than the number 2 of the dividend,-current will owthrough the relay |80 of the thousands device. In the hundreds order ofthe device a comparison has simultaneously been made between .the digitin the dividend and the digit 4 in the divisor, causing energization ofthe relay |82 in that order and in the tens position the digit 3 of thedividend has been -compared with the 0 of the divisor, likewise causingenergization of relay |02 in the tens position, while in the unitsposition the greater value of the digit 8 has caused energization of therelay |03 in the units position, In Fig. 8d at (39, 40) are shown relaycontacts Ilia and l83b which are controlled by the relay magnets |83.Contacts |82a controlled by the magnets |82 are also shown. The relativedenominational relationship of the several contacts is indicated by theletters U, T, H, etc,` Included in circuit with these contacts are therelay magnets |51 and 203 and it will be observed that normally there isno circuit completed therethrough since all of the contacts |83a arenormally open. For the problem selected the magnet |83 in the thousandsposition is energized as has been shown so that the contacts |83a inthat position are closed and a circuit is accordingly traceable fromline 90, through cam contacts L|1 (L), thence serially through thecontacts |83b and |02a of the ve highest orders, thence through contacts|83a in the thousands position, relay magnets 203 and |51 to line 9|Relay 203 closes its contacts 203a to provide a holding circuit throughcontacts L1a. It will be observed that the position of the contacts inorders lower than thousands will have no eiiect upon the circuit. If thehighest order magnet is energized or one of the magnets |82, itscontactsA and win remain deenergized if the dividend digit is greater. u

Referring now to Fig. 8a, the energization of magnet |51 will causeshifting of its contacts |51a, |51b to cause closure of the former andthe circuit previously established through contacts |51b Afor theenergization of magnet VRIB is broken and a new circuit is establishedthrough relay magnet VRIS, which is traceable from line 90,' switch Sia(L9), wire 256, relay magnet VRI 5, contacts |51a, now closed, contacts|5|b, contacts |5|a in the two higher orders, commutator brushes |58 toline 9| .as already traced. The etect of deenergizing VRIB andenergizing relay VR|5 is to eiect column shifting between the readoutcircuits of the divisor accumulator and the entering circuits of thedividend accumulator. Thus, inspection vof Fig. 8b will show that theunits order wire |53 is now connected through the contact VR4a farthestto the right through the 'connected wire |10, 'to the hundreds orderwire |52 instead of to the thousands order with which it was initiallyconnected.

subtracting circuits Up to this point it has been shown how the dividendand divisor are entered into their respective accumulators, how thezeros to the left of the rst significant gures in both numbers haveinitially associated the readout circuits of the divisor accumulatorwith the entering circuits of the dividend accumulator, and how thecomparing mechanism has, under control of the relative values of -thehighest order digits in both amounts, caused a shifting of the circuitconnections where the divisor digit has been greater. It will, ofcourse, be appreciated that where the dividend digit is greater, thereis no change in the initial circuit connections established.

subtracting operations now take place during which the complement of thedivisor is added to the dividend and this operation is repeated a numberof times equal to the sum of the digits cf the quotient and willterminate when that number of operations has been performed. During thecourse of the subtracting operations, the joint action of the mechanismwhich determines the number of zeros present to the left cf the firstsigniiicant digit in the dividend acsubtraction takes place in theproper denominational order positions of the accumulator.

During subtracting operations. the cam contacts SLI-SLS (R43) close insuccession to emit impulses from line 9| to wires |90 at thecorresponding entering time of the accumulatore.

Since the relay magnets |9| and |92 (C43). which are in parallel withrelay magnet |51, are energized, their contacts |9|a and I92a will beclosed and cause a reversal of the circuit connecticns from contactsSLIl to SL9 to the wires |45; that is, the 0 wire |45 will receive animpulse at the 9 time, the 1 wire at the "8" time, the 2 wire at the 7time, and so on, each wire receivingA an impulse at the timecorresponding to its 9 complement. These impulses passing through thecable |46 to the readout devices of the divisor accumulator willcontinue through cable |69 (Fig. 8b), through the contacts VRAa andVR|5a, cable |55, to the magnets 25 of the dividend accumulator. For thespecific problem of Fig. 7, the amount standing on the readout devicevof the divisor accumulator is 000007408 and the amount entered into thedividend accumulator will accordingly be 999259199; that is, each orderis complemented to 9 and through the column shifting device entered intothe orders of the dividend accumulator as indicated. Since the entry ofthis amount into the dividend accumulator result-s in a carry operationthrough the highest order and which, as explained above, causes amechanical transfer of 1 to the lowest order. the actual amount entered,as expressed on the second line of Fig. 7, is 999259200. which is the.tens complement of the divisor.

The amount now standing on the dividend accumulator is 001793800, asindicated on the third line of Fig. 7. Since the divisor 740800 is stillless than the new dividend figure 1793800, the

- relay setup remains undisturbed and during the

